A proper repair is two things doing two different jobs, made as a single unit. The stem fills the hole through the tread and seals the path the nail took, so water cannot get down to the steel belt and start rusting it from the inside. The patch sits flat against the inner liner and takes over the work the cut cords were doing, holding the pressure and the load across the damaged area. A stem on its own leaves the liner unsealed. A patch on its own leaves a channel straight down to the belt. Neither one is a repair.
That is why the combined unit exists, and why a repair has to be done from the inside. The tyre comes off the wheel, the hole is cleaned and reamed to a known size, the liner is buffed, and the unit is pulled through from within so the stem fills the wound and the patch bonds flat behind it. The excess stem is trimmed level with the tread and the wheel goes back on the balancer, because a patch is weight in one place. All of that happens on the street outside your house if that is where the car is standing.
BS AU 159 is not a technicality; it is the line between a tyre you can trust and one you cannot. In practice that means the wheel comes off at your kerb in East Ham town centre or wherever you have managed to park, on Royal Docks Road included, the tyre comes off the rim, and the inside gets inspected for damage you would never see from the outside. The Wall End phone and the the Central Park area phone ring the same fitter, any hour. Midnight in High Street North, midday in the Beckton Road area, the same call either way.

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Between High Street North and Barking Road there is a constant flow of buses and deliveries, and the gutters collect whatever comes off them, which is why so many punctures around here turn out to be ordinary screws in the middle of the tread. Those are the repairable ones. Because parking is a contest on every terraced street in E6, the useful part is not the repair itself but the fact that the car keeps its space while it happens. We work from the road side and it never moves.
A screw picked up on Romford Road had gone in square and in the middle of the tread. The tyre came off the wheel on a terraced street, the repair went in from the inside, and the wheel was rebalanced before it went back.
A tyre on a car near Central Park had a plug in it and no patch at all. Water had been travelling down the hole for months and the belt underneath had rusted. That is not repairable and never was.
A car in Wall End had one repairable puncture and one tyre down to the wear bars. One was patched and one was replaced, which is usually how an honest inspection splits.
Because the patch has to bond to the inner liner, and the liner is the airtight layer. From outside you can plug the hole, but you cannot seal the liner or inspect the casing, and those two things are what decide whether the tyre is safe.
It fills the hole the object made all the way through the tread, so nothing can travel down it. Without it, water reaches the steel belt and rusts it, and a rusted belt loses its bond to the rubber long before anything looks wrong from outside.
Always. The repair unit and its adhesive add weight at one point on the wheel, and at speed that is enough to feel through the steering. The wheel goes on the balancer after the repair, not before it.
Done properly, yes. A combined stem and patch repair inside the permitted area is a permanent repair rather than a temporary one, and the tyre runs out its remaining tread life on it.
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